Confirmed cases of COVID-19 after vaccination against COVID in health personnel in Bogotá, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to estimate the frequency of COVID 19 infections in vaccinated health personnel at a Los CObos Medical Center in Bogotá, Colombia. The percentage of people positive to the PCR test and their clinical characteristics were analyzed. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study. The primary study variable was the COVID vaccination registry. We analyzed sex, age, signs, and symptoms. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess changes over time and to identify variables associated with vaccination in target groups. RESULTS: A cohort of 999 people working at Los Cobos Medical Center and followed from March to August 2021. The average age of this cohort was 37.0 years (devest = 10.5 years), 67.7 % were women. Two hundred eleven physicians, 287 nurses, 305 assistants, and 196 clerks follows. In addition, 8.4 % to be PCR positive after vaccination. The average age was 36.0 (devest = 23.4 years), 59 women and 25 men. Of these, 15 were administrative, 14 were doctors, 29 nurses, and 26 nursing assistants. The vaccination status found that 21.4 % do not vaccinates, 7.1 % were partially vaccinated, and 71.4 % with a complete schedule. When questioned about symptoms in these patients, 4.0 % were symptomatic, and 5.9 % were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: A recent epidemiological study involving 12,364 health workers with a mean age of 38 years quantifies the protection in six months from the vaccine. The presence of antibodies was associated with 83 % protection against active SARS-CoV-2 infection (PCR positivity during the study period), which confirms the existence of protective Immunity at levels comparable to those obtained by the approved vaccines; our study found effectiveness of 92.6 %. Higher than that found in this study, possibly explained by the characteristics of the individuals included.

Guía de Práctica Clínica para el Diagnóstico y Manejo de las Infecciones de Piel y Tejidos Blandos en Colombia / Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Colombia

Las infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos (IPTB) representan la tercera causa de consulta por enfermedad infecciosas a los servicios médicos, después de las infecciones respiratorias y urinarias. Se presenta una guía de práctica clínica (GPC) con 38 recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, graduadas bajo el sistema SIGN, para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes adultos con IPTB en el contexto colombiano, posterior a un proceso de adaptación de GPC publicadas y la búsqueda sistemática y síntesis de literatura para la actualización de la evidencia científica. Además, se realizó un consenso de expertos para la evaluación de las potenciales barreras para la implementación de las recomendaciones y la evaluación del grado de recomendación en el contexto local.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) represent the third leading cause of infectious disease consultation for medical services after respiratory and urinary tract infections. This document generates a clinical practice guideline with 38 recommendations based on evidence, graduated under the SIGN system for the diagnosis and treatment for SSTI infections in adult patients in Colombia, following a process of adaptation of guidelines published, and the systematic search and synthesis of literature for the updating of scientific evidence. In addition, a consensus of experts was made for the evaluation of the potential barriers for the implementation of the recommendations and the evaluation of the degree of recommendation in the local context.

Practical Recommendations for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis / Recomendaciones prácticas para la antisepsia preoperatoria de la piel

Abstract The search for strategies for the reduction of Surgical Site infection (SSI) is a priority, given the impact those infections have on the outcome of the patients. The preope rative patient skin antisepsis, has recently gained greater significance in the prevention of SSI, as one of the critical factors, which can be intervened and can reduce the risk of infection. In recent years, comprehensive investigations have been published, not only dedicated to the comparison of antiseptic solutions, application techniques, but also about the importance of preoperative washing, use of surgical tapes and dressings impregnated with antiseptics, and preoperative shaving. This review outlines the key findings related to the preoperative patient's skin antisepsis and offers a protocol with practical recommendations to be implemented in the institutions of our country. It provides evidence based recommendations about the use of antiseptic solutions (povidone iodine, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine plus alcohol, etc.) with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of each one.

Recomendaciones prácticas para la antisepsia de la piel del paciente antes de cirugía / Practical recommendations for skin preparation of Surgical Site

La búsqueda de estrategias para la disminución de la infección de sitio operatorio (ISO) es una prioridad, dado el impacto que ésta tiene en los resultados de la atención de los pacientes. Recientemente ha tomado gran relevancia en la prevención de la ISO, la preparación prequirúrgica de la piel del paciente como uno de los factores clave, en los que se puede intervenir y disminuir el riesgo. En los últimos años han aparecido revisiones exhaustivas dedicadas no solo a la comparación de las soluciones antisépticas, y técnica de aplicación, también acerca de la importancia del baño pre operatorio, uso de cintas y compresas quirúrgicas impregnadas con antisépticos y el recorte de cabello preoperatorio. En esta publicación se describen los hallazgos más importantes relacionados con la preparación antiséptica de la piel del paciente y se propone un protocolo con recomendaciones prácticas para ser implementado en las instituciones del país. Se incluyen recomendaciones basadas en niveles de evidencia sobre el uso de las soluciones antisépticas (yodopovidona, clorhexidina, clorhexidina mas alcohol, entre otras) con énfasis en las ventajas y desventajas de cada una de ellas.

The search for strategies for reduction of Surgical Site infection (SSI) is a priority, given the impact that infections have on the outcome of the patients. The preoperative patient skin antisepsis, has recently gained greater significance in the prevention of SSI, as one of the critical factors, which can be intervened and can reduce the risk of infection. In recent years, comprehensive investigations have been published not only dedicated to the comparison of antiseptic solutions, application techniques, but also about the importance of preoperative bathing, use of surgical tapes and dressings impregnated with antiseptics, and preoperative shaving. This review outlines the key findings related to the preoperative patient's skin antisepsis and offers a protocol with practical recommendations to be implemented in the institutions of our country. It provides evidence based recommendations about the use of antiseptic solutions (povidone iodine, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine plus alcohol, etc.) with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of each one.

Reglas de despacho en la programación de procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos: impacto en los indicadores de ocupación y oportunidad / Dispatching Rules in Elective Surgery Scheduling: Impact on Service Occupation and Opportunity / Regras de despacho na programação de procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos: impacto nos indicadores de ocupação e oportunidade

Introducción: la programación de los quirófanos es el factor de mayor incidencia en el desempeño de los servicios de cirugías. Este estudio cuantificó el impacto de la variabilidad artificial creada por una programación manual de las cirugías en el Hospital Universitario Mayor - Méderi (HUM), Colombia. La hipótesis planteada es que una programación semiautomática podría: (i) reducir la variabilidad diaria del servicio de cirugías, (ii) aumentar la disponibilidad de los quirófanos y (iii) mejorar el tiempo de oportunidad por cirugía. Materiales y métodos: este estudio empleó los registros del servicio de cirugía de un mes regular. El servicio estudiado ejecuta alrededor de 35 000 cirugías al año y el proceso de programación es manual. La programación real fue comparada con las generadas a partir del empleo del algoritmo Bin Packing y las reglas de despacho Longest Processing Time (LPT) y Shortest Processing Time (SPT). Resultados: la aplicación del algoritmo con la regla LPT logró una mejora en la programación del mes estudiado: los coeficientes de variación del flujo de pacientes y ocupación diaria se redujeron (25,09% y 36,71%, respectivamente). Adicionalmente, el tiempo de oportunidad se redujo en 6,2 días y la ocupación del servicio subió un 26,22%. La programación con la regla SPT aumentó la variabilidad en el flujo de paciente en 22,7% y disminuyó la ocupación en 2,28%. Conclusiones: una programación semiautomática de las salas de cirugía en el HUM empleando la regla LPT lograría mejorar sustancialmente indicadores de variabilidad del servicio, tiempo de oportunidad y ocupación.

Introduction: The performance of a surgery service is highly impacted by its schedule. This study measured the impact of the artificial variability caused by a manual scheduling of surgeries at "Hospital Universitario Mayor - Méderi (HUM)" (Colombia). The hypotheses were that the proposed algorithm is able to (i) reduce daily service variation, (ii) increase the availability of service resources, and (iii) improve the opportunity time for each surgery. Materials and methods: The studied surgical service performs around 35 000 annual surgeries and its scheduling process is presently manually made. Actual scheduling records of a regular month were compared to schedules generated by a Bin Packing (BP) algorithm hybridized with the Longest Processing Time (LPT) and Shortest Processing Time (SPT) dispatching rules. Results: It was found that the BP algorithm with LPT rule could improve service performance, reducing the variation coefficients of patients' flow and daily service occupation by 25.09% and 36.71%, respectively. The programmed surgeries were also moved ahead 6.2 days, and the overall occupation rate increased by 26.72%. Results were not better when a SPT rule was used, boosting the variability on patient flow by 22.7% and reducing the occupation by 2.28%. Conclusions: Semiautomatic scheduling of the surgical service at the HUM, a BP algorithm with LPT rule, may substantially increase service performance in terms of service occupation and opportunity.

Introdução: A programação das salas de cirurgia é o fator de maior incidência no desempenho dos serviços de cirurgias. Este estudo quantificou o impacto da variabilidade artificial criada por uma programação manual das cirurgias no Hospital Universitário Mayor - Méderi (HUM), Colômbia. A hipótese apresentada é que uma programação semiautomática poderia: (i) reduzir a variabilidade diária do serviço de cirurgias, (ii) aumentar a disponibilidade das salas de cirurgia, e (iii) melhorar o tempo de oportunidade por cirurgia. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo empregou os registros do serviço de cirurgia de um mês regular. O serviço estudado executa cerca de 35 000 cirurgias por ano e o processo de programação é manual. A programação real foi comparada com as geradas a partir do emprego do algoritmo Bin Packing e as regras de despacho Longest Processing Time (LPT) e Shortest Processing Time (SPT). Resultados: A aplicação do algoritmo com a regra LPT conseguiu uma melhora na programação do mês estudado: os coeficientes de variação do fluxo de pacientes e ocupação diária reduziram-se (25,09% y 36,71%, respectivamente). Adicionalmente, o tempo de oportunidade reduziu-se em 6,2 dias e a ocupação do serviço subiu um 26,22%. A programação com a regra SPT aumentou a variabilidade no fluxo de paciente em 22,7% e diminuiu a ocupação em 2,28%. Conclusões: Uma programação semiautomática das salas de cirurgia no HUM empregando a regra LPT conseguiria melhorar substancialmente indicadores de variabilidade do serviço, tempo de oportunidade e ocupação.

Colangiopancreatografía magnética: valor diagnóstico para detectar coledocolitiasis en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda leve / Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and its diagnostic value to detect choledocholithiasis in patients suffering mild acute pancreatitis

Introducción: la pancreatitis aguda (PA) es una enfermedad clínica común que puede ser desde leve hasta fatal. En el 40 por ciento de los casos es de origen biliar, y es causada por una obstrucción de la ampolla de Váter por barro biliar o por cálculos. En el diagnóstico de la pancreatitis aguda de origen biliar (PAB) se emplean métodos invasivos como la colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada (CPRE), la cual se asocia a morbilidad y mortalidad, y métodos no invasivos como la colangiopancreatografía magnética (CRM), que emerge como modalidad diagnóstica en los centros de tercer y cuarto nivel de complejidad. Métodos: se evaluaron las características diagnósticas de la CRM a través de los registros históricos de pacientes que ingresaron a un hospital universitario de nivel IV a los que se les realizó CRM y CPRE. Esta última fue considerada el método de referencia para la evaluación. Resultados: Para la CRM se determinó una sensibilidad del 97 por ciento y una especificidad del 44 por ciento para la detección de coledocolitiasis, con un valor predictivo positivo de 0,35 y un valor predictivo negativo de 0,99. Algunos de estos resultados son inferiores a los documentados en la bibliografía mundial. Conclusiones: la CRM permite obtener imágenes precisas de la vía biliar, en un ambiente seguro y sin riesgos para el paciente. Esta técnica tiene una capacidad de detección de coledocolitiasis que oscila entre el 78 y el 97 por ciento, resultado que concuerda con lo descrito en otros estudios(AU)

Introduction: acute pancreatitis is a common clinical disease that may be either mild or lethal. Forty percent of cases is of biliary origin and caused by Vater bleb obstruction by biliary mud or by gallstones. The diagnosis of acute biliary pancreatitis uses invasive methods such as retrograde endoscopic cholangiopancreatography which is associated to higher morbidity and mortality or non-invasive ones like magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography that emerges as a diagnostic modality in the third and the fourth level centers. Methods: the diagnostic characteristics of the magnetic cholangiopancreatography were evaluated by using the historical registers of patients who were admitted to a 4th level university hospital and underwent magnetic cholangiopancreatography and retrograde endoscopic cholangiopancreatography, being the last one considered the method of reference for the evaluation. Results: magnetic cholangiopancreatography showed 97 percent sensitivity and 44 percent specificity for the detection of choledocholithiasis, positive predictive value of 0.35 and negative predictive value of 0.99. Some of these results were lower than those documented in the international literature. Conclusions: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography allows capturing precise images of the biliary duct in a safe environment with no risks for the patient. This technique has a detection capacity ranging 78 to 97 percent for choledocholithiasis. This result agrees with that of other studies(AU)